Meningeal worm, also known as deer worm or brain worm, is a serious threat to alpaca health. This parasitic roundworm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis) spends part of its life cycle in white-tailed deer before being shed onto pastures. If alpacas ingest the infective larvae while grazing, the worms can travel to their spinal cords and brains, leading to neurological impairment or death. Due to the devastating impacts of meningeal worm, alpaca owners must be vigilant about identifying signs of infection and implementing preventative measures. This article explores everything you need to know about common alpaca parasites, with a focus on meningeal worm biology, diagnosis, treatment options, and strategies to protect your herd.
Meningeal Worm Biology and Life Cycle
Meningeal worms have an indirect life cycle requiring two different hosts. Adult worms reside in the dural venous sinuses of white-tailed deer. The females lay eggs which hatch into larvae, then migrate through the deer’s body into their lungs. Deer cough up the larvae, swallowing them into their digestive tracts to be shed in feces onto pastures.
Once deposited, the larvae can survive for up to a month while waiting to be ingested by a suitable secondary host such as alpacas, llamas, goats, sheep, or moose. Upon entering the new host’s body, the larvae migrate to the spinal cord and brain, maturing into adults after about two months. The life cycle ends here since alpacas and other accidental hosts lack the anatomy for the larvae to complete their migration pattern back to the deer’s venous system.
Symptoms and Identification of Meningeal Worm in Alpacas
Unfortunately, meningeal worm infection can be difficult to diagnose in alpacas. Early signs are subtle and non-specific, while severe neurological impairment only occurs in the later stages once significant damage has been done. Some of the symptoms to watch for include:
- Weakness or stumbling
- Hindlimb ataxia or dragging of rear legs
- Neck pain or stiffness
- Head tilt or leaning to one side
- Circling or falling
- Bladder or bowel incontinence
- Loss of sensation around the tail and hindquarters
- Blindness
- Abnormal behavior like depression or hyperexcitability
These neurological signs stem from the worm’s migration causing inflammation, scarring, and fluid buildup in the spinal cord and brain. In acute cases, death can occur within 48 hours due to the sudden onset of paralysis. More commonly the symptoms progress slowly over a period of weeks to months.
Definitive diagnosis requires detection of larvae in the spinal fluid. A veterinarian will collect samples via spinal tap and examine them under a microscope for evidence of the parasite. Blood tests are unhelpful, as they mainly look for antibodies that take weeks to develop after the initial infection. Necropsy of animals that died suddenly may also reveal worms embedded in the spinal cord tissue.
Consequences of Meningeal Worm in Camelids
Meningeal worm often leads to permanent damage to the nervous system of infected alpacas and llamas. Even mild cases can result in some lifelong impairment. The worms trigger severe inflammatory reactions as they migrate, destroying nerve cells and connections that cannot regrow or heal.
Many treatments focus on killing the parasite but cannot restore function already lost. The longer infection goes undetected and uncontrolled, the poorer the long-term prognosis due to accumulating lesions in the central nervous system. Prompt treatment gives the best chance of minimizing permanent deficits and allowing for some recovery of normal movement and sensation.
In severe infestations, the neurological damage is too extensive for recovery. The animal may remain permanently paralyzed or struggle with balance, vision, and bladder control issues. Euthanasia is often elected in these heartbreaking cases where quality of life is irrevocably compromised.
For breeding stock, meningeal worm can also impact fertility. Neurological impairment affects the male’s ability to successfully breed and the female’s ability to carry a pregnancy to term or care for crias after birth. Careful assessment is needed before putting infected animals back into a breeding program.
Risk Factors for Meningeal Worm Infection
Several key factors determine an alpaca’s risk level for contracting meningeal worm:
Pasture contamination – The main risk is pasturing alpacas on land frequented by white-tailed deer, which are the primary host for the meningeal worm. Their dense populations across North America make deer worm exposure likely wherever alpacas graze. The risk is highest in overpopulated deer habitats with poor control measures.
Weather conditions – Warm, moist environments favor survival of meningeal worm larvae in the grass. Hot summers and high rainfall increase pasture contamination and infection risk.
New introductions – Alpacas newly introduced onto a property are more vulnerable as they likely have no prior exposure to build immunity. Quarantining new arrivals before mixing with the herd is advisable.
Age – Young alpacas under two years old and older animals over ten years are more susceptible to severe, acute disease.
Nutrition – Well-nourished alpacas with adequate mineral balances can mount stronger immune responses against parasites. Deficiencies may increase meningeal worm susceptibility.
Stress – Stressors like overcrowding, transportation, birthing, or illness can compromise normal immune function.
Co-infections – Other parasites or health issues deplete resources needed to fight infection.
Preventing Meningeal Worm Infestation in Alpacas
Pasture Management
The foundation of prevention involves breaking the parasite’s life cycle by limiting deer contamination of grazing areas. While total exclusion is difficult, several pasture management strategies can help:
- Fencing – Install tall, tight woven wire fencing with 4-6 inch spacing to deter deer entry. Some electric strands at the top and bottom further improve deterrence.
- Habitat modification – Clearing brush and woodland edges where deer bed down reduces their presence.
- Population control – Hunting, sharpshooting, or repellents may be used to lower deer density if legal and feasible.
- Rotational grazing – Frequently rotating pastures gives larvae less time to accumulate. Letting unused pastures lay fallow and ungrazed for several months also helps disrupt the parasite’s development.
- Dragging or harrowing – Mechanical pasture grooming can help break up and dry out deer feces to speed up larval death.
- Livestock rotation – Avoid grazing alpacas after sheep or goats, as meningeal worm larvae can persist longer in their feces.
Medication and Supplements
Several dewormers are available to kill migrating meningeal worm larvae before they cause extensive damage:
- Ivermectin – This common anthelmintic is very effective against meningeal worm when given prophylactically during high risk seasons. It paralyzes and kills larvae during their migration phase before they reach the spinal cord. Frequent oral doses every 2-4 weeks are needed for protection.
- Moxidectin – This long-acting drug can prevent larvae from establishing in the spinal cord for up to 4 months after a single injection. It penetrates tissues well and is safe for pregnant and lactating alpacas.
- Fenbendazole – High doses given daily may also aid in controlling migrating larvae, but fenbendazole does not cross into the nervous system as well as ivermectin or moxidectin.
Some research also suggests vitamin E and selenium supplementation may support the immune response against meningeal worm. Nutritional balancing should be part of any prevention protocol.
Pasture Rotation and Quarantine
When possible, practice pasture rotation to prevent overgrazing and larval accumulation. Quarantine any new arrivals or alpacas returning from co-mingling offsite to avoid introducing deer worms onto the property. Check for signs of neurological illness during the 2-4 month quarantine period when symptoms are most likely to emerge.
Treating Meningeal Worm Infection in Alpacas
If neurological symptoms develop, immediately consult a veterinarian familiar with camelid medicine. Early intervention gives the best chance to halt further damage. Key elements of treatment include:
Anthelmintics – Ivermectin, moxidectin, or fenbendazole will be prescribed to kill migrating larvae. But these cannot reverse damage done to nerve tissues already invaded and inflamed.
Anti-inflammatories – Steroids help control swelling and immune reactions affecting neurological function.
Supportive care – Nursing care like sling support, bladder expression, physical therapy, and nutritional support are vital during recovery.
Vitamin E/selenium – Supplemental antioxidants aid nerve healing and immunity against worms.
Spinal tap – Examining cerebrospinal fluid under the microscope can confirm if larvae are still present and treatment is working.
The outlook depends on infection severity and how quickly therapy begins. Mild cases often regain normal function with a several weeks course of treatment. But animals already paralyzed when diagnosed tend to face a much longer and uncertain road to recovery.
Protecting Your Herd From Meningeal Worm
Alpaca owners cannot eliminate the risk of meningeal worm completely. But the following integrated approach gives the best protection:
- Minimize pasture contamination through habitat management and deer deterrence
- Strategic deworming with ivermectin and moxidectin
- Rotational grazing and quarantine practices
- Adequate nutrition and lowered stress levels
- Close monitoring for early symptom detection
- Immediate treatment if infection is suspected
- Work with your vet to tailor an appropriate prevention plan for your farm’s unique environment and herd.
Though meningeal worm presents a formidable threat, proactive owners can greatly reduce its toll through vigilance and quick response. Don’t wait until neurological signs appear – take steps today to safeguard your alpacas’ health and avoid needless tragedy. Careful prevention paired with rapid treatment offers the best chance of successful recovery should infection occur. With smart herd management, alpacas and deer can peacefully coexist on shared pastures.
